and Pietro Antonio, for Ivan III. in 1485. There had been previously a wooden fortress on the spot. (Russian
krem, a fortress.)
“Towers of every form, round, square, and with pointed roofs, belfries, donjons, turrets, spires, sentry-
boxes fixed on minarets, steeples of every height, style, and colour: palaces, domes, watch-towers, walls
embattlemented and pierced with loop-holes, ramparts, fortifications of every description, chiosks by the
side of cathedrals; monuments of pride and caprice, voluptuousness, glory, and piety.”- De Custine: Russia,
chap. xxii.
Every city in Russia has its kremlin (citadel); but that of Moscow is the most important.
